Comparison of eDNA and visual surveys for rare and cryptic bromeliad-dwelling frogs

Surveys of rare or cryptic species may miss individuals populations that are actually present. Despite the increasing use environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis to survey in ponds, rivers, and lakes, very few studies have attempted eDNA for detection using small water bodies such as those accumulated within plants. Our aim was investigate feasibility an sampling method detecting Crossodactylodes itambe, endemic bromeliad-dwelling frog from a remote location Brazil. We collected samples 19 bromeliads which we had observational data direct visual surveys. compared occupancy estimated observations with results quantitative real-time PCR based assays. For surveys, used single season model. applied novel Bayesian model estimate samples, well false positives negatives at different stages workflow. bromeliad tanks provided reliable estimates, low error levels improved when detectability observation. Estimated occupancies methods were similar. The is feasible restricted exposed UV radiation, particularly useful locations confirm presence. provides viable alternative destructive observation require logistically challenging repeated observations. Therefore, be widely applicable programmes other amphibians live